Maternal Depression and Associated Factors in a Rural Population in Kenya: A Mixed Methods Study

Caroline Wainaina, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC)
Emmy Igonya, African Population and Health Research Center
Joyce Browne, University Medical Center Utrecht
Stephen Maina, African Population and Health Research Center
Estelle Sidze, African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC)
John De Witt, University Medical Center Utrecht
Kitty Bloemenkamp, University Medical Center Utrecht
Manasi Kumar, University of Nairobi

Maternal depression contributes to major depressive disorder (MDD), causing morbidity and mortality in women. Limited data on its incidence is due to a lack of routine and early screening in many low- and middle-income countries. Quantitative surveys and a participant observation exercise were conducted to explore the prevalence, risk, and protective factors in the context of COVID-19. The prevalence of maternal depression (MD) was 11%. Antepartum depression (APD) was 8% and 13% postpartum depression(PPD). Risk factors included employment-related stress, financial difficulties, perinatal health challenges, inadequate spousal support, domestic violence, and poor relationships with in-laws. Protective factors included positive pregnancy outcomes, spousal and social support, and financial independence through employment. Screening for depression in maternal health services can help detect and treat early perinatal depression. Prioritizing quality healthcare, psychosocial support, and social and financial support can reduce risks associated with perinatal depression.